The Correspondence between L.N. Tolstoy and M.K. Gandhi. A Famous, but Under-researched Episode of Russian-Indian Cultural Interrelaions

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2022-25-252-306
EDN:

https://elibrary.ru/FGCNIJ
УДК / UDK: 821.161.1.0
Issue:

2022 №25
Author: Sergei D. Serebriany
About the author:

Sergei D. Serebriany — DSc in Philosophy, Sergei D. Serebriany — DSc in Philosophy,PhD in Philology; E.M. Meletinsky Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Russian State University for the Humanities, Miusskaya sqr. 6, 125047 Moscow, Russia.

Е-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract:

One of the most often evoked episodes of 20th century Russian-Indian interrelations is a short correspondence between Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 –1948) and Leo Tolstoy (1828 –1910). The correspondence lasted from October of 1909 up to November of 1910, that is during the very last year of Tolstoy’s life. The “corpus” of this correspondence consists of seven letters: four from Gandhi to Tolstoy and three from Tolstoy to Gandhi. Those letters have been published more than once and translated into various languages. But the circumstances of this correspondence, the history of its study, and the contents of the letters themselves — all this has been researched rather little. This paper is a preliminary study of several friends and associates of Gandhi during his stay in South Africa (1893 –1914). Those people were connected, one way or another, with the correspondence between Gandhi and Tolstoy.

Here are their names:

1. Joseph John Doke (1861 –1913), a Baptist priest; he wrote the first biography of Gandhi;

2. Henry Solomon Leon Polak (1882 –1959), a journalist; Gandhi called him “a blood brother;”

3. Pranjivandas Jagjivandas Mehta (1864 –1932), a commersant; he financed a number of Gandhi's “projects;”

4. Louis (or Lewis) Walter Ritch (1868 –1952), a businessman; he corresponded with Leo Tolstoy before Gandhi;

5. Hermann Haim Kallenbach (1871 –1945), an architect; he built a house for Gandhi in Johannesburg;

6. Sonja (Sophia) Schlesin (1888 –1956), Gandhi's secretary and, sometimes, deputy; in his letters Gandhi addressed her as “my dear daughter;”

7. Pauline Podlashuk (1881 –1971), an immigrant from Lithuania; in 1910, she translated for Gandhi from Russian into English the last letter of Tolstoy.

The personalities and legacies of these people, including their more or less voluminous correspondences with Gandhi, have been studied rather little. In this paper, problematic issues are defined and perspectives of further research are suggested.
Keywords: Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, correspondence, Russia, India, South Africa, Lithuania, nonviolence, “The Kingdom of God is within you”.
For citation:

Serebriany, S.D. “The Correspondence between L.N. Tolstoy and M.K. Gandhi. A Famous, but Under-researched Episode of Russian-Indian Cultural Interrelaions.” Literaturnyi fakt, no. 3 (25), 2022, pp. 252 –306. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2022-25-252-306
References:

1. Biblioteka L’va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo v Iasnoi Poliane: bibliograficheskoe opisanie [The Library of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana: a Bibliographic Description], foreword by V.F. Bulgakov, vol. 3: Knigi na inostrannykh iazykakh [Books in Foreign Languages], pt. 1: A–L [A–L]. Moscow, Kniga Publ., 1999. 700 p. Pt. 2: M–Z, A–Ia [M–Z, A–Ya]. Moscow, Kniga Publ., 1999. 670 p. (In Russ.)

2. Gandi, M.K. Moia zhizn [ My Life], trans. and foreword by R. Ul’ianovskii, ed. by I.M. Reisner. [Moscow,] OGIZ – SOTsEKGIZ Publ., 1934. 336, [4] p. (In Russ.)

3. Gandi, M.K. Moia zhizn [My Life], trans. and foreword by A.D. Litman. Moscow, Vostochnaia literatura Publ., 1959. 443 p. (In Russ.)

4. Gandi, M.K. Moia zhizn [My Life], trans., ed. and foreword by R.A. Ul’ianovskii. Moscow, Nauka (GRVL) Publ., 1969. 612 p. (In Russ.)

5. [Gandi, M.K.] Mahatma Gandi. Moia zhizn [ Mahatma Gandhi. My Life], trans. by A. Viaz’mina and E. Panfilov. St. Petersburg, Azbuka Publ., 2019. 480 p. (In Russ.)

6. [Gusev, N.N.] Iz Iasnoi Poliany v Cherdyn’. Vospominaniia byvshego sekretaria L.N. Tolstogo N.N. Guseva [From Yasnaya Polyana to Cherdyn. Reminiscences of N.N. Gusev, the Former Secretary of L.N. Tolstoy]. Moscow, Tipografiia Tovarishchestva I.D. Sytina Publ., 1911. 56 p. (In Russ.)

7. Gusev, N.N. Dva goda s Tolstym. Iz Iasnoi Poliany v Cherdyn’. Otryvochnye vospominaniia. Lev Tolstoi — chelovek [Two Years with Tolstoy. From Yasnaya Polyana to Cherdyn. Fragmentary Reminiscences. Lev Tolstoy as a Person], comp., introd. article and notes by A.I. Shifman. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1973. 463 p. (In Russ.)

8. Nikitina, T.V. Neznakomyi Reskin [ An Unknown Ruskin]. Moscow, Molodaia Gvardiia Publ., 2014. 53, [2] p. (In Russ.)

9. “Perepiska Tolstogo s M.K. Gandi” [“The Correspondence of Tolstoy with M.K. Gandhi”], publ. by A.P. Sergeenko. Literaturnoe nasledstvo [ Literary Heritage], vol. 37/38: L.N. Tolstoi. Kniga II [L.N. Tolstoy. Book 2]. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union Publ., 1939, pp. 339–352. (In Russ.)

10. Petrova, E.Iu. Rossiisko-indiiskie istoricheskie sviazi v dokumentakh i materialakh arkhivov L.N. Tolstogo i muzeia-usad’by “Iasnaia Poliana” [ Russian-Indian Historical Connections in Documents and Materials from Archives of L.N. Tolstoy and the Museum-estate of Yasnaya Polyana: PhD Dissertation]. Moscow, 2003. 307 p. (In Russ.)

11. Sergeenko, P.A. Kak zhivet i rabotaet gr. L.N. Tolstoi [How Count L.N. Tolstoy Lives and Works]. Moscow, Tipo-litografiia tovarishchestva I.N. Kushnerev& Co, 1898, [2], 106 p. (In Russ.)

12. Serebrianyi, S.D. “Rabindranat Tagor — poiet i filosof” [“Rabindranath Tagore — a Poet and Philosopher”]. Zhivaia traditsiia. K 75-letiiu Indiiskogo filosofskogo kongressa [ A Living Tradition. To the 75th Anniversary of Indian Philosophical Congress]. Moscow, Vostochnaia literatura RAN Publ., 2000, pp. 26–64. (In Russ.)

13. Serebrianyi, S.D. “Lev Tolstoi v vospriiatii M.K. Gandi” [“Lev Tolstoy as Perceived by M.K. Gandhi”]. Voprosy literatury, no. 5, 2009, pp. 333–362.

14. Serebrianyi, S.D. “L.N. Tolstoi v vospriiatii M.K. Gandi” [“Lev Tolstoy as Perceived by M.K. Gandhi”]. Vostok — Zapad: Istoriko-literaturnyi al’manakh. 2009–2010 [East — West. Historical and Literary Almanac. 2009–2010], ed. by V.S. Mjasnikov. Moscow, Vostochnaia literatura Publ., 2011, pp. 251–269. (In Russ.)

15. Serebrianyi, S.D. “L.N. Tolstoi v vospriiatii M.K. Gandi” [“Lev Tolstoy as Perceived by M.K. Gandhi”]. Russkaia literatura v stranakh Azii i Afriki [Russian Literature in Countries of Asia and Africa]. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2014, pp. 14–39. (In Russ.)

16. Serebrianyi, S.D. “Rabindranat Tagor i Sergei Rakhmaninov: tochka peresecheniia” [“Rabindranath Tagore and Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Meeting Point”]. Tamil tanta paricu. Sbornik statei v chest’ Aleksandra Mikhailovicha Dubianskogo [ Tamil tanta paricu. A Collection of Papers: a Hommage to Alexandre Dubiansky], ed. and comp. by O. Vecherina, N. Gordeichuk, T. Dubianskaia. Moscow, Russian State University for Humanities, Pero Publ., 2016, pp. 321–336. (In Russ.)

17. Serebrianyi, S.D. “M.K. Gandi kak chitatel’ i interpretator ‘Bhagavad-gity’.” [“M.K. Gandhi as a Reader and Interpreter of the Bhagavad-gita”]. Voprosy filosofii, no. 1, 2019, pp. 142–152. DOI: 10.31857/S004287440007360-1 (In Russ.)

18. Serebrianyi, S.D. “L.N. Tolstoi i M.K. Gandi: znamenitye i neznaemye” [“L.N. Tolstoy and M.K. Gandhi: both Famous and Unknown”]. Makhatma Gandi i sovremennyi mir [Mahatma Gandhi and Contemporary World], ex. ed. T.N. Zagorodnikov, S.L. Rabei. Moscow, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020, pp. 200–217. (In Russ.)

19. Serebrianyi, S.D. “Afanasii Nikitin, odinokii strannik ‘za tri moria’ (nekotorye problemy izucheniia i perevoda ego ‘zapisok’)” [“Athanasius Nikitin, a Lonely Traveler ‘Across Three Seas’ (Some Problems of Studying and Translating of His ‘Notes’)”]. AD VIRUM ILLUSTREM. K 70-letiiu Mikhaila Leonidovicha Andreeva [AD VIRUM ILLUSTREM. A Festschrift to Mark the 70th Birthday of Mikhail Andreyev]. Moscow, Publishing House DELO Publ., 2020, pp. 726–744. (In Russ.)

20. Tolstoi, L.N. Polnoe [iubileinoe] sobranie sochinenii: v 90 t. [Complete (Jubilee) Works: in 90 vols.]. Moscow, GIKHL Publ., 1935–1958. (In Russ.)

21. L.N. Tolstoi i Indiia. Perepiska [ L.N. Tolstoy and India. Correspondence], comp., introd. and notes by T.N. Zagorodnikova. Moscow, Nauka – Vostochnaia literatura Publ., 2013. 272 p. (In Russ.)

22. Tolstoi, L.N. Khristianskii anarkhizm [Christian Anarchism]. Moscow, Posrednik Publ., [1917]. 15 p. (In Russ.)

23. Tolstoi, L.N. Tsarstvo Bozhie vnutri vas[,] ili Khristianstvo ne kak misticheskoe uchenie, a kak novoe zhizneponimanie [The Kingdom of God is within you, or Christianity not as a Mystical Teaching but as a New Understanding of Life], pt. 1, the only edition authorized by the author. Berlin, Izdanie Avgusta Deibnera Publ., [1894]. x, 302 p. (In Russ.)

24. Ukazateli k polnomu sobraniiu sochinenii L.N. Tolstogo [Indexes to the Complete Works by L.N. Tolstoy]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1964. 666 p. (In Russ.)

25. Shifman, A.I. Lev Tolstoi i Vostok [ Leo Tolstoy and the Orient]. Moscow, Vostochnaia literatura Publ., 1960. 480 p. (In Russ.)

26. Shifman, A.I. Lev Tolstoi i Vostok [ Leo Tolstoy and the Orient]. 2nd ed., rev. and add. Moscow, Nauka (Glavnaia redaktsiia vostochnoi literatury) Publ., 1971. 552 p. (In Russ.)

27. [Allen, M.]” Chapter 3. Henry Polak: The Cosmopolitan Life of a Jewish Theosophist, Friend of India and Anti-racist Campaigner.” Haggis, J., Midgley, C., Allen, M., Paisley, F. Cosmopolitan Lives on the Cusp of Empire. Interfaith, Cross-Cultural and Transnational Networks, 1860–1950. Delhi, Palgrave Macmillan Publ., 2017, pp. 37–62. (In English)

28. Bhana, Surendra. “Tolstoy Farm, A Satyagrahi’s Battle Ground.” Journal of Indian History, vol. 57, issue 2/3, 1979, pp. 431–440. (In English)

29. Bhavsar, K.K., Lindley, M., Upadhyay P. Bibliography of Books Read by Mahatma Gandhi. Ahmedabad, Gujarat Vidyapith Publ., 2011. 149 p. (In English)

30. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. by Gerald H. Anderson. New York, Macmillan Reference Publ., 1998. xxviii, 845 p. (In English)

31. Boreham, F.W. The Man Who Saved Gandhi: A Short Biography of John Joseph Doke [1861–1913]. London, Epworth Press, 1948. 23 p. (In English)

32. Chatterjee, M. Gandhi and his Jewish Friends. London etc., Macmillan Academic and Professional, 1992. 182 p. (In English)

33. Cursons, W.E. Joseph Doke, The Missionary-Hearted [With a Portrait]. Johannesburg, Christian Literature Depot, 1929. vii, 248 p. (In English)

34. Doke, J.J. M.K. Gandhi, An Indian Patriot in South Africa, introd. by Lord Ampthill. London, The London Indian Chronicle, 1909. vi, 97 p. (In English)

35. Doke, J.J. M.K. Gandhi, An Indian Patriot in South Africa. With an Introduction by Lord Ampthill. 1st Indian ed. Madras, G.A. Natesan and Co, 1919. viii, 103 p. (In English)

36. Doke J.J. “Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, ein indischer Patriot in Südafrika.“ Doke, J.J. [und andere]. Gandhi in Südafrika. Erlenbach-Zürich, München und Leipzig, Rotapfel-Verlag, 1925. S. 16–136. (In German)

37. Doke, J.J. M.K. Gandhi, An Indian Patriot in South Africa. Delhi, Publications Division, 1967. iv, 116 p. (In English)

38. Feinberg, H. “With Gandhi in South Africa: Sonja Schlesin.” Jewish Affairs [Houghton, Johannesburg], vol. 72, no. 1: Pesach 2017, pp. 6–11. (In English)

39. [Gandhi, M.K.] Mahatma Gandhi: His Life, Writings and Speeches, foreword by Mrs. Sarojini Naidu. Madras, Gahesh and Co, [1917]. 288 p. (In English)

40. [Gandhi, M.K.] Speeches and Writings of M.K. Gandhi, introd. and a biographical sketch by Mr. C.F. Andrews. 3rd ed. Madras, G.A. Natesan and Co, 1922. xvi, 64, 848, 47, viii p. (In English)

41. Gandhi, M.K. Satyagraha in South Africa, trans. from the Gujarati by Valji Govindji Desai and rev. by the author. Madras, S. Ganesan, 1928. 511 p. (In English)

42. Gandhi, M.K. Satyagraha in South Africa, trans. from the Gujarati by Valji Govindji Desai. 2nd rev. ed. Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, 1950 (1961). 312 p. (In English)

43. Gandhi, M.K. Satyagraha in South Africa. Stanford, Academic Reprints, 1954. xx, 351 p. (In English)

44. [Gandhi, M.K.] The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vols. 1–100. New Delhi, Government of India, Publications Division, 1956–1994. (In English)

45. [Gandhi, M.K.] The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, [vol. 99]: Index of Persons. New Delhi, Government of India, Publications Division, 1992. xv, 583 p. (In English)

46. Gandhi, M.K. An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth. 2nd ed. Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, 1940. xiv, 584 p. (In English)

47. Gandhi, M.K. An Autobiography Or The Story of My Experiments with Truth, trans. from the original in Gujarati by Mahadev Desai. Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, [N. d.]. 556 p. (In English)

48. Gandhi, M.K. An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Critical Edition, trans. from the original Gujaratui by Mahadev Desai, introd. with notes by Tridip Suhrud, foreword by Ashis Nandy. Ahmedabad, Penguin UK, 2018. 810 p. (In English)

49. [Gandhi, M.K.] Gandhi Letters: from Upper House to Lower House, 1906–1914, ed. by Gillian Berning, forward by Ela Gandhi. Durban, Local History Museum, 1994. 68 p. (In English)

50. Gandhi, Rajmohan. Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008. 738 p. (In English)

51. Gershater, C. “From Lithuania to South Africa.” The Jews in South Africa. A History, ed. by Gustav Saron and Louis Hotz. Cape Town, London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 59–84. (In English)

52. Green, M.B. The Origins of Nonviolence: Tolstoy and Gandhi in Their Historical Settings. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986. 256 p. (In English)

53. Gregory, R.G. “H.S.L. Polak and the Indian Overseas Association.” Vivekananda Kendra Patrika (Madras), February 1973, pp. 33–38. (In English)

54. Guha, R. Gandhi Before India. Penguin UK / Penguin India, 2013. 704 p. (In English) Available at: https://books.google.ru/books?id=YCRlwSw-JvAC&source=gbs (Accessed 10 May 2022).

55. Guha, R. Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World, 1914–1948. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2018. xix, 1083 p. (In English)

56. Higgs, R. “Tolstoy’s Manifesto on the State, Christian Anarchy, and Pacifism.” The Independent Review, vol. 19, no. 3, Winter 2015, pp. 471–479. (In English)

57. Hunt, J.D. Gandhi and the Nonconformists: Encounters in South Africa. New Delhi, Promilla & Co., 1986. 159 p. (In English)

58. Hunt, J.D. Gandhi in London. Rev. ed. New Delhi, Promilla and Co, 1993. 253 P. (In English)

59. Hunt, J.D. An American Looks at Gandhi: Essays in Satyagraha, Civil Rights, and Peace. New Delhi, Promilla & Company Publishers, 2005. 291 p. (In English)

60. Hunt, J.D., Bhana, S. “Spiritual Rope-Walkers: Gandhi, Kallenbach, and the Tolstoy Farm, 1910–1913.” South African Historical Journal, no. 58 (2007), pp. 174–202. (In English)

61. India and Lithuania: A Personal Bond. New Delhi, Vilnius, Lithuanian Embassy in New Delhi, 2017. 141 p. (In English)

62. Kumaraswamy, P.R. Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home. New Delhi, KW Publishers Pvt Ltd., 2018. 246 p. (In English)

63. Lev, Shimon. Soulmates: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach. New Delhi, Orient BlackSwan, 2012. xxxvi, 166 p. (In English)

64. Lev, Shimon. “Soulmates: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach.” India and Lithuania: A Personal Bond. New Delhi, Vilnius, Lithuanian Embassy in New Delhi, 2017, pp. 37–52. (In English)

65. Mehrotra, S.R. “The ‘Reader’ in Hind Swaraj, Dr. Pranjivan Mehta, 1864–1932.” Dialogue, vol. 12, no. 2, October-December, 2010. (In English)

66. Mehrotra, S.R. The Mahatma & the Doctor: The Untold Story of Dr. Pranjivan Mehta, Gandhi’s Greatest Friend and Benefactor, 1864–1932. Mumbai, Vakils, Feffer and Simons, 2014. xi, 660 p. (In English)

67. Mehta, Pranjivan Jagjivan. M.K. Gandhi and the South Africa[n] Indian Problem. Madras, G.A. Natesan, 1911. 96 p. (In English)

68. Mehta, Pranjivan Jagjivan. M.K. Gandhi and the South African Indian Problem. Madras, G.A. Natesan, 1949. 96 p. (In English)

69. Mehta, U. “Gandhi, Tolstoy and Ruskin.” The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, no. 4 (October–December 1969), pp. 343–349. (In English)

70. Nag, Kalidas. Tolstoy and Gandhi. Patna, Pustak Bhandar, 1950. 135 p. (In English)

71. [Pandiri, A.M.] A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 1: Biographies, Works by Gandhi, and Bibliographical Sources, comP. by Ananda M. Pandiri. Westport, CT:, Greenwood Press, 1995. 424 p. (In English)

72. [Pandiri, A.M.] A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 2: Books and Pamphlets about Mahatma Gandhi, сomP. by Ananda M. Pandiri. Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, 2007. 653 p. (In English)

73. Paxton, G. Sonja Schlesin: Gandhi's South African Secretary. Glasgow, Pax Books, 2006. 104 p. (In English)

74. [Paxton, G.] Sonja Schlesin: Gandhi’s South African Secretary. Revision of the main text of the book of [the] same title published by Pax Books 2006. [N. p., n. d.]. 59 p. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/18638707/Sonja_Schlesin_Gandhis_South_African_Secretary (Accessed 10 May 2022) (In English)

75. Podlashuk, P. Adventure of Life: Reminiscences of Pauline Podlashuk, ed. by Judy Nasatyr and Effie Schultz, London, [S. n.], 2010. (In English)

76. [Polak, H.S.L.] M.K. Gandhi: A Sketch of His Life and Work. Madras, Natesan & Co., 1910. 48, [16] p. (In English)

77. Polak, H.S.L. [“A Biographical Sketch of M.K. Gandhi”]. Speeches and Writings of M.K. Gandhi, introd. by C.F. Andrews, tribute by G.A. Natesan, biogr. sketch by H.S.L. Polak. Madras, Natesan, 1909 (1910), pp. 38–45. (In English)

78. [Polak, H.S.L.] M.K. Gandhi: A Sketch of His Life and Life-Work. 3rd ed. Madras, Natesan & Co., 1917. 80 p. (In English)

79. Polak, H.S.L. “The Wisdom of Gandhi.” Mahatma Gandhi: Essays and Reflections on his Life and Work: Presented to him on his Seventieth Birthday, October 2nd, 1939, ed. by S. Radhakrishnan, together with a new Memorial Section. 2nd enl. ed. London, George Allen & Unwin, 1949, pp. 231–235. (In English)

80. Polak, H.S.L. Mahatma Gandhi: The Man and His Mission. 10th ed. Madras, G.A. Natesan and Co, 1943. xv, 334 p. (In English)

81. Polak, H.S.L. Brailsford, H.N., Pethick-Lawrence (Lord). Mahatma Gandhi, foreword and an appreciation by Her Excellency Mrs. Sarojini Naidu. London, Odhams Press Limited, 1949. 320 p. (In English)

82. Polak, H.S.L. “Early Years (1869–1914). [Chapters 1–7].” Polak, H.S.L. Brailsford, H.N., Pethick-Lawrence (Lord). Mahatma Gandhi, foreword and an appreciation by Her Excellency Mrs. Sarojini Naidu. London, Odhams Press Limited, 1949, pp. 9–94. (In English)

83. Polak, H.S.L. “Satyagraha And Its origin In South Africa.” The Visva-Bharati Quarterly, Gandhi Memorial Peace Number, foreword by Rajendra Prasad, ed. by Kshitis Roy. Santiniketan, Visva-Bharati, 2 October 1949, pp. 111–120. (In English)

84. Polak, H.S.L. “Some South African Reminiscences.” Incidents of Gandhi’s Life, by Fifty-Four Contributors, ed. by Chandrashankar Shukla. Bombay, Vora & Co., 1949, pp. 230–247. (In English)

85. Polak, M.G. Mr. Gandhi: The Man, foreword by C.F. Andrews. London, George Allen & Unwin, 1931. 186 p. (In English)

86. Prabha, Ravi Shankar. “Mahatma Gandhi and The Polaks.” Gandhi Marg, vol. 38, no. 1, April–June 2016. Available at: https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/mahatma-gandhi-and-the-polaks.html (Accessed 10 May 2022). (In English)

87. Prabha, Ravi Shankar. The Polaks and Mahatma Gandhi: A Unique RelationshiP. New Delhi, Promilla & Co, 2020. 387 p. (In English)

88. Sankaran Nair, C. Gandhi and Anarchy. Madras, Tagore & Co, 1922. 262 p. (In English)

89. Sarid, Isa, Bartolf, Christian. Hermann Kallenbach: Mahatma Gandhis Freund in Südafrika; eine einführende Biographie mit Dokumentation. Berlin, Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum, 1997. 134 S. (In German)

90. Sarid, Isa, Bartolf, Christian. Hermann Kallenbach: Mahatma Gandhi’s Friend in South Africa: A Concise Biography. Berlin, Gandhi-Informations-Zentrum, 1997. 118 p. Available at: https://books.google.ru/books/about/Hermann_Kallenbach.html?id=ugQwAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y (Accessed 10 May 2022). (In English)

91. Serebriany, S. “Russia.” Rabindranath Tagore: One Hundred Years of Global Reception, ed. by M. Kaempchen and I. Bangha. New Delhi, Orient Blackswan, 2014, pp. 203–235. (In English)

92. Serebriany, S. “Tagore as an Envoy of India (and the Rest of the Wold) to Russia.” Tagore the Eternal Seeker. Footprints of a World Traveller, ed. by Suryakanthi Tripathi, Radha Chakravarty. New Delhi, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd and Indian Council of World Affairs, 2015, pp. 205–218. (In English)

93. Serebriany, S.D. “Afanasy Nikitin’s Passage to India: Facts and Fancies.” Indian Journal of Russian Studies, vol. 2, 2020, pp. 18–25. (In English)

94. Shimoni, Gideon. Gandhi, Satyagraha and the Jews: A Formative Factor in India’s Policy Towards Israel. Jerusalem, The Hebrew University, 1977. 60 p. (In English)

95. Souvenir of the Passive Resistance Movement in South Africa, 1906–1914. Phoenix, Natal, Indian Opinion, 1914. 30, 28, 6 p. (Golden number of “Indian opinion” 1914, facs. reprint: Pietermaritzburg, Africana Book Collections, 1990). (In English)

96. Tolstoy, L. “The Kingdom of God is Within You”: Christianity Not as a Mystic Religion But as a New Theory of Life, transl. by Constance Garnett. New York, Cassell Publishing Company, 1894. 368 p. (In English).

97. Tolstoy, L. The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays, trans. with an introd. by Aylmer Maude. London, Oxford University Press, 1960 (1st ed. 1936). 591 p. (In English)

98. [Tolstoy, L.N.] Recollections and Essays by Leo Tolstoy, trans. with an introd. by Aylmer Maud [sic!]. London, New York, Toronto, Oxford University Press, 1946 (1937). 504 p. (In English)

99. Tolstoy, L. Government is Violence: Essays on Anarchism and Pacifism, ed. by David Stephens. [London,] Phoenix Press, 1990. 182 p. (In English)

100. Weber, Thomas. Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. xiv, 279 p. (In English)