DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2024-31-217-241

EDN:

https://elibrary.ru/WWBIUM

УДК / UDK: 821.161.1.0
Issue:

2024 №31

Author: Youlia A. Maritchik-Sioli
About the author:

Youlia A. Marichik-Sioli — PhD in Philology, Senior Researcher, A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Povarskaya St., 25А, bld. 1, 121069 Moscow, Russia.

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6173-6463

E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract:

The article is devoted to the reception of the novel “The Body” (1933) by emigré writer E.V. Bakunina in French and Russian literary criticism in the early 1930s. A number of researchers have already analyzed the responses of Russian critics to the publication of the novel but have not paid enough attention to a cross-sectional view of the perception of the writer’s work. This question is of interest insofar as it allows us to identify weaknesses and strengths of Bakunina’s work and rethink the literary and cultural norms established in the early 20th century. One of the article’s crucial questions is critics’ reaction to the verbalization of the female character’s body experience. In France, the literary context of the 1920s and 1930s, the presence of progressive journals, and some trends in the history of French literature contributed to the fleeting but genuine interest of critics in the novel. At the same time, the focus on preserving the best traditions of Russian literature in exile, the historical “memory of culture,” and the requirement to observe the artistic measure led to a sharp rejection of body discourse among emigré critics. The conclusion focuses on the stereotypical perception of the novel by French and Russian literary criticism, and emphasizes the importance of studying the creative heritage of “minor” authors. If French literary criticism often perceived Bakunina’s novel through the prism of the distinctive features of the “Slavic soul,” then Russian criticism judged the writer’s novel through an established grid of artistic criteria (measure, taste, femininity).

Keywords: “women’s literature,” “emigré daughters,” reception, body discourse, artistic measure, “minor author.”
For citation:

Marichik-Sioli, Y.A. “ʽVery Russian, the French Would Say... Very French, the Russians Would Say’: The Metamorphosis of E. Bakunina’s Novel ‘The Body’ in French and Russian Literary Criticism.” Literaturnyi fakt, no. 1 (31), 2024, pp. 217–241. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2024-31-217-241

References:

1. Adamovich, G.V. “Chelovecheskii document” [“Human Document”]. Poslednie novosti, no. 4369, 1933, p. 3. (In Russ.)

2. Bakunina, E.V. “Dlia kogo i dlia chego pisat’” [“For Whom and for What to Write”]. Chisla, no. 6, 1932, pp. 255‒256. (In Russ.)

3. Bakunina, E.V. Lubov’ k shesterym [ Some Love for Six Persons]. Moscow, Gelios Publ., 2001. 317 p. (In Russ.)

4. Bakunina, E.V. “Sigrid Undset” [“Sigrid Undset”]. Chisla, no. 6, 1932, pp. 264‒265. (In Russ.)

5. Bakunina, E.V. Stikhi [Poems]. Paris, Rodnik Publ., 1931. 237 p. (In Russ.)

6. Bakunina, E.V. “Geneviève Fauconnier. ʽClaude’.” [“Geneviève Fauconnier. ʽClaude’.”] Chisla, no. 10, 1934, pp. 295‒296. (In Russ.)

7. Varchavski, V.S. “O ʽgeroe’ molodoi emigrantskoi literatury!” [“About the ʽHero’ of the Young Emigré Literature!”]. Chisla, no. 6, 1932, pp. 164‒172. (In Russ.)

8. Gippius, Z.N. “E. Bakunina. ʽLubov k shesterym’.” [“E. Bakunina. ʽSome Love for Six Persons’.”] Sovremennye zapiski, no. 58, 1935, pp. 478‒479. (In Russ.)

9. Gorodetskaia, N.D. Ostrov odinochestva. Roman, rasskazy, ocherki, pis’ma [ The Island of Loneliness. Novel, Short Stories, Essays, Letters], ed., introd. article, text prep. and comm. by A.M. Lubomudrov. St. Petersburg, Rostok Publ., 2013. 844 p. (In Russ.)

10. Demidova, O.R. “Zhenskaia proza i bolshoi kanon literatury russkogo zharubezh’ia” [“Women’s Prose and a Great Literary Canon of Russian Abroad”]. My. Zhenskaia proza russkoi emigratsii [We. Women’s Prose of Russian Abroad], comp. and introd. by O. Demidova. St. Petersburg, Russian Christian University for the Humanities Publ., 2003, pp. 3 ‒18. (In Russ.)

11. Demidova, O.R. “ʽEmigrantskie docheri’ i literaturnyi kanon russkogo zarubezhia” [“‘Emigration Daughters’ and Literary Canon of Russian Abroad”]. Shore, E., and K. Khaider, editors. Pol. Gender. Kultura [Sex. Gender. Culture]. Moscow, Russian State University for the Humanities Publ., 2000, pp. 205–219. (In Russ.)

12. Е.К. “Zhenshchiny-pisatel’nitsy russkoi emigratsii” [“Women Writers of Russian Emigration”]. Novoe russke slovo, no. 8014, 1935, p. 8. (In Russ.)

13. Izvolskaia, E.A. “Pis’ma k A. Kashinoi-Evreinovoi” [“Letters to A. Kashina-Evreinova”]. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva [Russian State Archive of Literature and Art], coll. 982, aids 1, fol. 406. (In Russ.)

14. Kaspe, I.M. Iskusstvo otsutstvovat’. Nezamechennoe pokolenie russkoi literatury [The Art of Being Absent. The Unnoticed Generation of Russian Literature]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2005. 192 р. (In Russ.)

15. Korostelev, O.A. “ʽParizhskaia nota’ i protivostoianie molodezhnykh poeticheskikh shkol russkoi literaturnoi emigratsii” [“ʽParis Note’ and Confrontation Between Youth Poetry Schools of Russian Literary Emigration”]. Korostelev, O.A. Ot Adamovicha do Tsvetaevoi. Literatura, kritika, pechat’ Russkogo zarubezhia [From Adamovich to Tsvetaeva. Literature, Сriticism, Publishing of Russian Abroad]. St. Petersburg, N.I. Novikov Publ., Galina skripsit Publ., 2013, pp. 303‒345. (In Russ.)

16. Marichik-S’oli, Iu.A. “Pis’ma E.V. Bakuninoi k N.N. Evreinovu. Istoria ʽmalen’koi’ pisatel’nitsy” [“Letters of E.V. Bakunina to N.N. Evreinov (1931 –1934). History of a ʽMinor’ Woman Writer”]. Literaturnyi fakt, no. 3 (25), 2022, pp. 8 –24. https://doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2022-25-8-24 (In Russ.)

17. Meshonnik, H. Rifma i zhizn’ [ The Rhyme and the Life], trans. from French by Iu. Marichik-S’oli. Moscow, Ob”edinennoe gumanitarnoe izdatel’stvo Publ., 2014. 399 p. (In Russ.)

18. Evreinov, N., editor. Nagota na stsene [Nudity on Stage]. St. Petersburg, Tipografiia Morskogo ministerstva Publ., 1911. 124 p. (In Russ.)

19. Odoevtseva, I.V. Zerkalo. Izbrannaia proza [ The Mirror. Selected Prose], introd. article, comp. and comm. by M. Rubins. Мoscow, Russkii put’ Publ., 2011. 655 p. (In Russ.)

20. Pil’skii, P.M. “Zhenskoe i zhensko-muzhskoe” [“The Feminine and the Femino-Masculine”]. Segodnia, no. 216, 1931, p. 3. (In Russ.)

21. Pil’skii, P.M. “Liubov’ stareushchikh. O novom romane Ekateriny Bakuninoi ʽLubov’ k shesterym’.” [“The Love of Aged Persons. Some Words about Ekaterina Bakunina’s New Novel ʽSome Love for Six Persons’.”] Segodnia, no. 200, 1935, p. 3. (In Russ.)

22. Rubins, M.O. “Zhanr chelovecheskogo dokumenta v russko-parizhskoi proze 1930-kh godov” [“Genre of Human Document in Russian-Parisian Prose of the 1930s”]. Literatura russkogo zarubezhia (19201940): vzgliad iz XXI veka [Literature of Russian Abroad: A Look from the 21st Century]. St. Petersburg, Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University Publ., 2008, pp. 28‒38. (In Russ.)

23. Rubins, M.O. Russkii Monparnas. Parizhskaia proza 1920 –1930-kh godov [Russian Montparnasse. Parisian Prose of the 1920 –1930s]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2017. 325 p. (In Russ.)

24. Savkina, I.L. “Puti, pereulki i tupiki izuchenia istorii russkoi zhenskoi literatury” [“Ways, Alleyways and Impasses of the History of Russian Women’s Literature Studies”]. Stroganova, Е., and E. Schore, editors. Zhenskii vyzov: russkie pisatel’nitsy XIX – nachala XX veka [Women’s Challenge: Russian Women Writers of the 19th – the Early 20th Centuries]. Тver, Lilia Print Publ., 2006, pp. 11‒27. (In Russ.)

25. Sazonova, L.I. Pamiat’ kul’tury. Nasledie Srednevekovia i barokko v russkoi literature Novogo vremeni [Cultural Memory. The Legacy of the Middle Ages and the Baroque in Russian Literature of the Modern Times]. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2012. 475 p. (In Russ.)

26. Stepun, F.A. “Porevolutsionnoe soznanie i zadacha emigrantskoi literatury” [“Postrevolutionary Mentality and the Objective of the Emigré Literature”]. Кritika russkogo zarubezhia [Literary Criticism of Russian Abroad], vol. 1, comp. and comm. by O.A. Korostelev, N.G. Mel’nikov. Мoscow, Оlimp Publ., 2002, pp. 246‒264. (In Russ.)

27. Terapiano, Iu.K. “Chelovek 30-kh godov” [“The Man of the 1930s”]. Chisla, no. 7–8, 1933, pp. 210‒212. (In Russ.)

28. Tikhanov, G. “Russkaia emigrantskaia literaturnaia kritika i teoriia mezhdu dvumia mirovymi voinami” [“Russian Emigré Literary Criticism and Theory Between Two World Wars”]. Dobrenko, Е.А., and G. Tikhanov, editors. Istoriia russkoi literaturnoi kritiki. Sovetskaia i postsovetskaia epokhi [History of Russian Literary Criticism. Soviet and Postsoviet Epochs]. Мoscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2011, pp. 335‒367. (In Russ.)

29. Fel’zen, Iu. “Ekaterina Bakunina. ʽTelo’.” [“Ekaterina Bakunina. ʽThe Body’.”] Chisla, no. 9, 1933, pp. 217‒218. (In Russ.)

30. Dmitrieva, E.E., and A.V. Golubkov, editors. Frantsuzskie i frankoiazychnye rukopisi v Rossii (XVIII – nachalo XX v.) [French and Francophone Manuscripts in Russia (the 18th – the Beginning of the 20th Century)]. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2019. 575 p. (In Russ. and in French)

31. Khodasevich, V.F. “ʽZhenskie’ stikhi” [“ʽFemale’ Poems”]. Khodasevich, V.F. Sobranie sochinenii: v 4 t. [Collected Works: in 4 vols.], vol. 2. Moscow, Soglasie Publ., 1996, pp. 208‒212. (In Russ.)

32. Khodasevich, V.F. “Knigi i ludi. ʽTelo’ E. Bakuninoi” [“Books and People. E. Bakunina’s Novel ʽThe Body’.”] Vozrozhdenie, no. 2900, 1933, pp. 3‒4. (In Russ.)

33. Tsetlin, M.O. “Ekaterina Bakunina. ʽTelo’.” [“Ekaterina Bakunina. ʽThe Body’.”] Sovremennye zapiski, no. 53, 1933, pp. 454‒456. (In Russ.)

34. Ekonen К. Tvorets, sub”ekt, zhenshchina. Strategii zhenskogo pis’ma v russkom simvolizme [Creator, Subject, Woman. Strategies of Women’s Writing in Russian Symbolism]. Мoscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2011. 393 p. (In Russ.)

35. Iangirov, R.M. “Telo i otrazhennyi svet. Zametki ob emigrantskoi proze i o nenapisannoi knige Zinaidy Gippius ʽZhenshchiny i zhenskoe’.” [“Body and Reflected Light. Notes about Emigré Prose and the Unwritten Book of Zinaida Gippius ʽWomen and the Feminine’.”] Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, no. 86, 2007, pp. 183 –206. (In Russ.)

36. [Anonymous Author]. “Romans et nouvelles.” Bulletin des lettres, no. 31, 1934, p. 210. (In French)

37. Armaganian-Le Vu, Gayaneh. “Les Mnémosynes des ʽRives de la Néva et des Rives de la Seine’: les mémoires d’Irina Odoevceva et de Nina Berberova.” La Poétique autobiographique à l’Age d’argent et au-delà. Lyon, Centre d’études slaves André Lirondelle, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, 2016, pp. 125‒139. (In French)

38. Bakounine, Catherine. Le Corps. Paris, Stock, 1934. 187 p. (In French)

39. Barjac, Claude. “A travers tout l’imprimé.” La Grande revue, vol. 145, 1934, p. 515. (In French)

40. Childs, Peter. Modernisme. London, Routledge, 2017. 240 p. (In English)

41. Delany, Paul. Literature, Money and the Market: From Trollope to Amis. Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2002. 243 p. (In English)

42. Fauconnier, Geneviève. Claude. Paris, Stock, 1934. 279 p. (In French)

43. Gorodetzky, Nadejda. “Un livre russe.” L’Intransigeant, 5 août, 1934, p. 6. (In French)

44. Huyssen, Andreas. After the Great Divide. Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernisme. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1986. 244 p. (In English)

45. Iswolsky, Helene, et Anna Kachina. La Jeunesse rouge d’Inna. Paris, Eds de France, 1928. 224 p. (In French)

46. Kelly, Catriona. A History of Russian Women’s Writing (18201992). Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994. 497 p. (In English)

47. Lanoë, Julien. “Le Corps.” La Nouvelle revue française, t. 43, 1934, p. 919. (In French)

48. Livak, Leonid. How It Was Done In Paris. Russian Emigré Literature and French Modernism. Madison, University of Wisconsin press, 2003. 316 p. (In English)

49. Maritchik-Sioli, Youlia. “Filles d’émigration.” Les femmes écrivains russes en France (19201940): le “génie de la médiocrité” à l’épreuve de la modernité: Thèse de doctorat en Etudes Slaves. Grenoble, 2020. 350 p. (In French)

50. Maritchik-Sioli, Youlia. “ʽLa Jeunesse rouge d’Inna.’ Un roman ʽde choc’ à l’adresse des Français.” Regards croisés sur la mémoire de la Révolution russe en exil (19172017). Lyon, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, 2019, pp. 243–256. (In French)

51. Marsan, Eugène. “Les livres et les hommes. ʽLes deux extrémités…’.” Comoedia, no. 8004, 1934, p. 3. (In French)

52. Meschonnic, Henri. Politique du rythme, politique du sujet. Lagrasse, Verdier, 1995. 615 p. (In French)

53. Milligan, Jennifer E. The Forgotten generation. French Women Writers of the Inter-War Period. Oxford, New York, Berg, 1996. 236 p. (In English)

54. Morard, Annick. De l’émigré au déraciné. La jeune générationdes écrivains russes entre identité et esthétique (1920–1940). Lausanne, L’Age d’homme, 2010. 396 p. (In French)

55. Sapiro, Gisèle. “Juger la littérature. Les transformations des rapports entre critique et censure (XIXe–XXe siècles).” Macé, Laurence, Claudine Poulouin, et Yvan Leclerc, éditeurs. Censure et critique. Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2015, pp. 267‒280. (In French)

56. Schakhowskoy, Zinaida. “Quelques livres.” Thyrse, t. 31, 1934, p. 351. (In French)

57. Simon, Pierre-Henri. “Le Corps.” Esprit, 1er mars, 1935, p. 969. (In French)

58. Sohn, Anne-Marie. “ʽLa Garçonne’ face à l’opinion publique: type littéraire ou type social des années 20?” Le Mouvement social, no. 80, 1972, pp. 3‒29. (In French)

59. Stora-Lamarre, Annie. L’enfer de la IIIe République. Censeurs et pornographes (1881–1914). Paris, Imago, 1989. 248 p. (In French)